#2397 - Richard Lindzen & William Happer

Richard S. Lindzen is an American atmospheric physicist and dynamical meteorologist who served as the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1983 until his retirement in 2013. His research has centered on fundamental aspects of atmospheric dynamics, including the role of the tropics in mid-latitude weather patterns, global heat transport mechanisms, moisture budgets, and cloud-radiative feedbacks that influence climate sensitivity . Lindzen has authored over 200 peer-reviewed scientific papers and several books, earning recognition such as the Jule Charney Award from the American Meteorological Society for highly significant research in atmospheric sciences and fellowships from the American Geophysical Union and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Among his notable contributions are foundational theories on the Hadley circulation, hydrodynamic instabilities, internal gravity waves, and atmospheric tides, which have advanced understanding of large-scale atmospheric motions and planetary atmospheres. He proposed the "iris hypothesis" in 2001, positing that warming tropical sea surface temperatures enhance precipitation efficiency in convective systems, reducing high cirrus cloud cover and thereby increasing outgoing infrared radiation to act as a negative feedback that dampens climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases. Lindzen's work emphasizes empirical constraints on climate models, including arguments for logarithmic saturation in carbon dioxide's radiative forcing and the dominance of natural variability over projected catastrophic anthropogenic effects. Lindzen has been a vocal critic of what he describes as exaggerated claims of dangerous human-induced global warming, contending that institutional pressures and selective emphasis on positive feedbacks have overstated risks while downplaying robust negative feedbacks and historical data inconsistencies. His positions, grounded in first-principles analysis of radiative physics and observational discrepancies, have positioned him at odds with prevailing consensus narratives, particularly amid systemic biases in academic and media amplification of alarmist projections. Despite this, his critiques have influenced policy discussions and alternative assessments of climate science uncertainties. Richard Siegmund Lindzen was born on February 8, 1940, in Webster, Massachusetts . His parents were Jewish immigrants from Germany who had fled Nazi persecution prior to his birth. Lindzen's father worked as a shoemaker to support the family. Shortly after his birth, the family relocated to the Bronx in New York City , where Lindzen grew up. Lindzen graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1956. He attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute from 1956 to 1958 before transferring to Harvard University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts magn cum laude in physics in 1960. At Harvard, he pursued graduate studies in applied mathematics, earning a Master of Science in 1961 and a Ph.D. in 1964. His doctoral thesis, titled "Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric dynamics," examined the interactions between photochemistry , radiation , and atmospheric dynamics in the stratosphere . This work laid foundational groundwork for his subsequent research in atmospheric physics. After earning his Ph.D. in applied mathematics from Harvard University in 1964, Lindzen joined the Physics Department at Columbia University , where he served as director of the Columbia Radiation Laboratory from 1964 to 1966. During this period, he focused on theoretical aspects of atmospheric physics, including early research on wave propagation in stratified fluids. In late 1967, Lindzen relocated to the University of Chicago as a tenured associate professor in the Department of Geophysical Sciences, a position he held until 1972.

William Happer (born July 27, 1939) is an American physicist who has specialized in the study of atomic physics, optics and spectroscopy. He is the Cyrus Fogg Brackett Professor of Physics, emeritus, at Princeton University, and a long-term member of the JASON advisory group, where he pioneered the development of adaptive optics. From 1991 to 1993, Happer served as director of the Department of Energy's Office of Science as part of the George H.W. Bush administration. He was dismissed from the Department of Energy in 1993 by the Clinton Administration after disagreements on the ozone hole. Happer, who is not formally trained as a climate scientist, rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. In 2018, Donald Trump appointed him to the National Security Council to counter evidence linking carbon dioxide emissions to global warming. He resigned from the council in 2019.